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Ciliary photoreceptors in the cerebral eyes of a protostome larva
(BioMed Central, 2011-03-01)
Background: Eyes in bilaterian metazoans have been described as being composed of either ciliary or
rhabdomeric photoreceptors. Phylogenetic distribution, as well as distinct morphologies and characteristic
deployment ...
Development of the larval anterior neurogenic domains of Terebratalia transversa (Brachiopoda) provides insights into the diversification of larval apical organs and the spiralian nervous system
(BioMed Central, 2012-01-24)
Background: Larval features such as the apical organ, apical ciliary tuft, and ciliated bands often complicate the evaluation of hypotheses regarding the origin of the adult bilaterian nervous system. Understanding how ...
Coordinated spatial and temporal expression of Hox genes during embryogenesis in the acoel Convolutriloba longifissura
(BioMed Central, 2009-10-01)
Background: Hox genes are critical for patterning the bilaterian anterior-posterior axis. The evolution of their clustered genomic arrangement and ancestral function has been debated since their discovery. As acoels appear ...
Gene expression in bryozoan larvae suggest a fundamental importance of pre-patterned blastemic cells in the bryozoan life-cycle
(BioMed Central, 2011-06-06)
Background: Bryozoa is a clade of aquatic protostomes. The bryozoan life cycle typically comprises a larval stage,
which metamorphoses into a sessile adult that proliferates by asexual budding to form colonies. The homology ...
Detailed reconstruction of the musculature in Limnognathia maerski (Micrognathozoa) and comparison with other Gnathifera
(BioMed Central, 2014-10-01)
Introduction: Limnognathia maerski is the single species of the recently described taxon, Micrognathozoa. The most conspicuous character of this animal is the complex set of jaws, which resembles an even more intricate ...
Development and juvenile anatomy of the nemertodermatid Meara stichopi (Bock) Westblad 1949 (Acoelomorpha)
(BioMed Central, 2014-07-07)
Introduction: Nemertodermatida is the sister group of the Acoela, which together form the Acoelomorpha, a taxon that comprises bilaterally symmetric, small aquatic worms. While there are several descriptions of the embryology ...
Nuclear genomic signals of the “microturbellarian” roots of platyhelminth evolutionary innovation
(eLife Sciences Publications, 2015-03-12)
Flatworms number among the most diverse invertebrate phyla and represent the most biomedically significant branch of the major bilaterian clade Spiralia, but to date, deep evolutionary relationships within this group have ...
The study of Priapulus caudatus reveals conserved molecular patterning underlying different gut morphogenesis in the Ecdysozoa
(BioMed Central, 2015-04-21)
Background
The digestive systems of animals can become highly specialized in response to their exploration and occupation of new ecological niches. Although studies on different animals have revealed commonalities in gut ...
Getting to the bottom of anal evolution
(Elsevier, 2015-02-27)
The digestive tract is an essential organ system that allows animals to efficiently digest food and take up nutrients to maintain growth and sustain the body. While some animal groups possess a sack-like gut, others possess ...
The larval nervous system of the penis worm Priapulus caudatus (Ecdysozoa)
(The Royal Society Publishing, 2016-01)
The origin and extreme diversification of the animal nervous system is a central question in biology. While most of the attention has traditionally been paid to those lineages with highly elaborated nervous systems (e.g. ...