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dc.contributor.authorStadelmann, Brittaen_US
dc.contributor.authorHanevik, Kurten_US
dc.contributor.authorAndersson, Mattiasen_US
dc.contributor.authorBruserud, Øysteinen_US
dc.contributor.authorSvärd, Staffan G.en_US
dc.date.accessioned2014-09-16T11:43:08Z
dc.date.available2014-09-16T11:43:08Z
dc.date.issued2013-11-14eng
dc.identifier.issn1471-2180
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/1956/8490
dc.description.abstractBackground: Arginine is a conditionally essential amino acid important in growing individuals and under nonhomeostatic conditions/disease. Many pathogens interfere with arginine-utilization in host cells, especially nitric oxide (NO) production, by changing the expression of host enzymes involved in arginine metabolism. Here we used human intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) and three different isolates of the protozoan parasite Giardia intestinalis to investigate the role of arginine and arginine-metabolizing enzymes during intestinal protozoan infections. Results: RNA expression analyses of major arginine-metabolizing enzymes revealed the arginine-utilizing pathways in human IECs (differentiated Caco-2 cells) grown in vitro. Most genes were constant or down-regulated (e.g. arginase 1 and 2) upon interaction with Giardia, whereas inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) were up-regulated within 6 h of infection. Giardia was shown to suppress cytokine-induced iNOS expression, thus the parasite has both iNOS inducing and suppressive activities. Giardial arginine consumption suppresses NO production and the NO-degrading parasite protein flavohemoglobin is up-regulated in response to host NO. In addition, the secreted, arginine-consuming giardial enzyme arginine deiminase (GiADI) actively reduces T-cell proliferation in vitro. Interestingly, the effects on NO production and T cell proliferation could be reversed by addition of external arginine or citrulline. Conclusions: Giardia affects the host’s arginine metabolism on many different levels. Many of the effects can be reversed by addition of arginine or citrulline, which could be a beneficial supplement in oral rehydration therapy.en_US
dc.language.isoengeng
dc.publisherBioMed Centraleng
dc.rightsAttribution CC BYeng
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0eng
dc.subjectProtozoaeng
dc.subjectDiarrheaeng
dc.subjectCitrullineeng
dc.subjectCaco-2eng
dc.subjectNitric oxideeng
dc.titleThe role of arginine and arginine-metabolizing enzymes during Giardia - host cell interactions in vitroen_US
dc.typePeer reviewed
dc.typeJournal article
dc.date.updated2014-04-02T10:41:24Z
dc.description.versionpublishedVersionen_US
dc.rights.holderCopyright 2013 Stadelmann et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
dc.rights.holderBritta Stadelmann et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
dc.source.articlenumber256
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-13-256
dc.identifier.cristin1100027
dc.source.journalBMC Microbiology
dc.source.4013


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