Seasonality and drivers of water column optical properties on the northwestern Barents Sea shelf

Abstract

Hydrographic and bio-optical measurements were conducted along a south–north transect on the northwestern Barents Sea shelf from early spring to late summer in 2021. Strong climate change manifestations observed in this region are rapidly changing the marine environment. These rare observations cover the seasonal evolution from well-mixed and sea ice-covered winter conditions, through sea ice retreat in spring, to late summer where the sea ice had largely retreated and the water column was stratified due to sea ice melt. Phytoplankton drives the spatial and temporal variability in optical properties in most of the water column, but increased scattering and absorption could also be seen in the bottom boundary layer due to resuspended particles. The relationship between chlorophyll-a and particulate absorption deviates from the globally observed relationship, likely due to light adaptations in the ice-covered water masses. We recommend developing specific models for spring phytoplankton growth in ice-covered waters to accurately account for self-shading effects. The absorption of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) was relatively low, due to waters of Atlantic origin in the studied region, and varied considerably less than particulate absorption. CDOM was nevertheless the optically dominant ocean constituent in the very clear waters in late winter. Regional relationships for estimating particulate organic carbon (POC) and chlorophyll-a concentrations from in situ attenuation and fluorescence measurements were developed. POC may act as an alternative indicator to chlorophyll-a for optical properties in ice-covered open ocean, which is relevant for light availability parametrizations in biogeochemical ocean models.