Exploring and redefining Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1
Doctoral thesis
Åpne
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https://hdl.handle.net/1956/19246Utgivelsesdato
2019-02-08Metadata
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Sammendrag
Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APS-1) is a rare, monogenic, childhood-onset disorder caused by mutations in the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene. Multi-organ autoimmune disease and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC) dominate the clinical phenotype, making it an important model disease for autoimmunity. The objective of this thesis was to perform a detailed clinical, genetic and immunological characterisation of Norwegian APS-1 patients and explore the mechanisms behind CMC susceptibility. Fifty-two patients were included, revealing highly variable phenotypes. Most patients presented with one of the major disease components during childhood, hypoparathyroidism, primary adrenal insufficiency or CMC; enamel hypoplasia, hypoparathyroidism and CMC were the most frequent features. The prevalence of CMC indicates a specific immunodeficiency, which was underpinned by our finding of dysregulated immune responses to a Candida challenge. Specifically, monocytes produced significantly less interleukin-23p19 (IL), an important mediator in the Candida defence. Properly treatment of Candida infections is important as long-term inflammation in the oral cavity contributes to the development of oral malignancies, described here as a novel entity of APS-1. All Norwegian patients presented tissue-specific autoantibodies, and most had reactivity against IL-17, IL-22, and interferon-ω. The most common AIRE mutation was c.967_979del13. The splice mutation c.879+1G>A was associated with a mild adult-onset phenotype. Possible explanations are partial activity by AIRE lacking exon 7 and/or a certain amount of wild-type transcripts being produced despite mutation in a conserved splice donor site. Finally, the influence of environmental factors was explored by characterizing the oral microbiome. Indeed, APS-1 patients have significantly altered oral microbiota, with a general reduction in the total number of bacterial genera and species and altered relative abundance of major phyli compared to healthy subjects. This research has implications for the diagnosis and clinical care of patients with APS-1 and organ-specific autoimmune diseases and offers further insight into some of the mechanisms underlying autoimmune disorders and CMC.
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Paper I: Bruserud Ø, Oftedal BE, Landegren N, Erichsen MM, Bratland E, Lima K, Jørgensen AP, Myhre AG, Svartberg J, Fougner KJ, Bakke Å, Nedrebø BG, Mella B, Breivik L, Viken MK, Knappskog PM, Marthinussen MC, Løvås K, Kämpe O, Wolff AB, Husebye ES. A Longitudinal Follow-up of Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type 1. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Aug;101(8):2975-83. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2016-1821Paper II: Bruserud Ø, Costae DE, Laakso S, Garty BZ, Mathisen E, Mäkitie A, Mäkitie MS, Husebye ES. Oral tongue malignancies in Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type 1. Front Endocrinol. 2018 Aug. 9:463. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2018.00463
Paper III: Bruserud Ø, Bratland E, Berger A, Hellesen A, Wolff ASB, Husebye ES, Oftedal BE. The AIRE mutation c.879+1G>A displays a mild phenotype and alternative mRNA splicing in patients with Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type 1. Manuscript. Full-text not available.
Paper IV: Bruserud Ø, Bratland E, Hellesen A, Delaleu N, Reikvam H, Oftedal BE, Wolff ASB. Altered Immune Activation and IL-23 Signaling in Response to Candida albicans in Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type 1. Front Immunol. 2017 Sep. 1;8:1074. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.01074
Paper V: Bruserud Ø, Siddiqui H, Marthinussen MC, Chen T, Jonsson RS, Oftedal BE, Olsen I, Husebye ES, Wolff ASB. Oral microbiota in Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1. J Oral Microbiol. 2018 Feb. 26 ;10(1) :1442986. https://doi.org/10.1080/20002297.2018.1442986