• 20 Years of Cluster Observations: The Magnetopause, 

      Håland, Stein Egil; Hasegawa, Hiroshi; Paschmann, G; Sonnerup, B. U. Ö.; Dunlop, M. W. (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2021)
      The terrestrial magnetopause forms the boundary between the solar wind plasma with its embedded interplanetary magnetic field on one side, and the terrestrial magnetosphere, dominated by Earth's dipole field, on the other ...
    • Anomalous Reconnection Layer at Earth’s Dayside Magnetopause 

      Paschmann, Goetz E.; Sonnerup, Bengt U.Ö.; Phan, Taiduc; Fuselier, Stephen Anthony; Håland, Stein Egil; Denton, Richard E.; Burch, James L.; Trattner, Karlheinz J.; Giles, Barbara L.; Gershman, Daniel J.; Cohen, Ian J.; Russell, Christopher T. (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2021)
      Observations by the Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft (MMS) of an unusual layer, located between the dayside magnetosheath and the magnetosphere, alternating with encounters with the magnetosheath during an extended ...
    • Curlometer Technique and Applications 

      Dunlop, M; Dong, X.C; Wang, T. C.; Eastwood, JP; Robert, P; Håland, Stein Egil; Yang, Y.; Escoubet, C. P.; Rong, ZJ; Shen, C; Fu, H.; De Keyser, Johan (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2021)
      We review the range of applications and use of the curlometer, initially developed to analyze Cluster multi-spacecraft magnetic field data; but more recently adapted to other arrays of spacecraft flying in formation, such ...
    • Heavy Metal and Rock in Space: Cluster RAPID Observations of Fe and Si 

      Håland, Stein Egil; Daly, Patrick W.; Vilenius, Esa (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2021)
      Metallic and silicate ions carry essential information about the evolution of the Earth and near-Earth small bodies. Despite this, there has so far been very little focus on ions with atomic masses higher than oxygen in ...
    • High-latitude cold ion outflow inferred from the Cluster wake observations in the magnetotail lobes and the polar cap region 

      Li, Kun; André, Mats; Eriksson, Anders; Wei, Yong; Cui, Jun; Håland, Stein Egil (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2021)
      Cold ions with low (a few eV) thermal energies and also often low bulk drift energies, dominate the ion population in the Earth’s magnetosphere. These ions mainly originate from the ionosphere. Here we concentrate on cold ...
    • Impacts of Ionospheric Ions on Magnetic Reconnection and Earth's Magnetosphere Dynamics 

      Toledo-Redondo, S; Andre, M; Aunai, N; Chappell, Charles Richard; Dargent, Jeremy; Fuselier, S.; Glocer, Alex; Graham, D. B.; Håland, Stein Egil; Hesse, M.; Kistler, L. M.; Lavraud, B.; Li, W.; Moore, T. E.; Tenfjord, Paul Arne Riksheim; Vines, S. K. (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2021)
      Ionospheric ions (mainly H+, He+, and O+) escape from the ionosphere and populate the Earth's magnetosphere. Their thermal energies are usually low when they first escape the ionosphere, typically a few electron volt to ...
    • A New Concept to Measure the Ambipolar Electric Field Driving Ionospheric Outflow 

      Li, Kun; Håland, Stein Egil; Wei, Yong (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2021)
      Over the last few decades, the role of ionospheric outflow for the loss of atmospheric constituents, as a plasma supplier to the magnetosphere and hence for the evolution of the Earth’s atmosphere has been recognized. A ...
    • Particle Energization in Space Plasmas: Towards a Multi-Point, Multi-Scale Plasma Observatory 

      Retinò, Alessandro; Khotyaintsev, Y; Le Contel, O; Marcucci, Maria Federica; Plaschke, Ferdinand; Vaivads, Andris; Angelopoulos, Vassilis; Blasi, Pasquale; Burch, Jim; De Keyser, Johan; Dunlop, Malcolm; Dai, Lei; Eastwood, Jonathan; Fu, Huishan; Håland, Stein Egil; Hoshino, Masahiro; Johlander, Andreas; Kepko, Larry; Kucharek, Harald; Lapenta, Gianni; Lavraud, Benoit; Malandraki, Olga; Matthaeus, William; McWilliams, Kathryn; Petrukovich, Anatoli; Pinçon, Jean-Louis; Saito, Yoshifumi; Sorriso-Valvo, Luca; Vainio, Rami; Wimmer-Schweingruber, Robert (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2021)
      This White Paper outlines the importance of addressing the fundamental science theme “How are charged particles energized in space plasmas” through a future ESA mission. The White Paper presents five compelling science ...
    • Quantifying the Lobe Reconnection Rate During Dominant IMF By Periods and Different Dipole Tilt Orientations 

      Reistad, Jone Peter; Laundal, Karl Magnus; Østgaard, Nikolai; Ohma, Anders; Burrell, Angeline G.; Hatch, Spencer Mark; Håland, Stein Egil; Thomas, Evan G. (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2021)
      Lobe reconnection is usually thought to play an important role in geospace dynamics only when the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) is mainly northward. This is because the most common and unambiguous signature of lobe ...
    • The Relationship Between Large Scale Thermospheric Density Enhancements and the Spatial Distribution of Poynting Flux 

      Billett, Daniel; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock; Archer, William; McWilliams, Kathryn A.; Håland, Stein Egil; Reistad, Jone Peter; Burchill, J. K.; Patrick, M. R.; Humberset, Beate Krøvel; Anderson, B. J.; Perry, G. W. (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2021)
      Large thermospheric neutral density enhancements in the cusp region have been examined for many years. The Challenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) satellite for example has enabled many observations of the perturbation, ...