The Role of On- and Off-Axis Faults and Fissures During Eruption Cycles and Crustal Accretion at 9°50′N, East Pacific Rise

Abstract

Fissures and faults provide insight into how plate separation is accommodated by magmatism and brittle deformation during crustal accretion. Although fissure and fault geometry can be used to quantify the spreading process at mid-ocean ridges, accurate measurements are rare due to insufficiently detailed mapping data. Here, fissures and faults at the fast-spreading 9°50′N segment of the East Pacific Rise were mapped using bathymetric data collected at 1-m horizontal resolution by autonomous underwater vehicle Sentry. Fault dip estimates from the bathymetric data were calibrated using co-registered near-bottom imagery and depth transects acquired by remotely operated vehicle Jason. Fissures are classified as either eruptive or non-eruptive (i.e., cracks). Tectonic strain estimated from corrected fault heaves suggests that faulting plays a negligible role in the plate separation on crust younger than 72 kyr (<4 km from the ridge axis). Pre- and post-eruption surveys show that most fissures were reactivated during the eruptions in 2005–2006. Variable eruptive fissure geometry could be explained by the frequency with which each fissure is reactivated and partially infilled. Fissure swarms and lava plateaus in low-relief areas >2 km from the ridge are spatially associated with off-axis lower-crustal magma lenses identified in multichannel seismic data. Deep, closely spaced fissures overlie a relatively shallow portion of the axial magma lens. The width of on-axis fissures and inferred subsurface dike geometry imply a ∼9-year long diking recurrence interval to fully accommodate plate spreading, which is broadly consistent with cycle intervals obtained from estimates of melt extraction rates, eruption volumes, and spreading rate.