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dc.contributor.authorGrønningen, Erlend
dc.date.accessioned2025-01-13T08:32:57Z
dc.date.available2025-01-13T08:32:57Z
dc.date.issued2025-01-16
dc.date.submitted2024-12-20T14:15:25.811Z
dc.identifiercontainer/f8/d5/10/39/f8d51039-b77b-4001-812a-49a8bac46fa8
dc.identifier.isbn9788230841112
dc.identifier.isbn9788230847626
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/11250/3172003
dc.description.abstractDiagnostisering av ekstrapulmonal tuberkulose er utfordrende grunnet behovet for invasiv prøvetaking, at det er få bakterier til stede og diagnostiske tester med dårligere sensitivitet på annet prøvemateriale enn sputum. Småbarn og mennesker med HIV/AIDS har økt sannsynlighet for EPTB relativt til PTB. Utstrakt bruk av empirisk tuberkulosebehandling mot mistenkt EPTB i ressurs begrensede situasjoner kan føre til både over- og under behandling, med potensiale for forsinket/feil diagnose og forverret prognose. Hovedmålet til denne PhDen var å forbedre diagnostikk av EPTB i en HIV endemisk og ressursbegrenset setting. Dette ble utført gjennom implementeringen av en ny immunokjemi-basert test (MPT64 test) i en HIV endemisk setting ved Mbeya Zonal Referral Hospital, Tanzania. Delmål var å undersøke om testen var implementerbar, analyse av dens prestasjon sammenliknet med anbefalte tester og hos barn med underernæring/mennesker med HIV , å analysere dødelighet og komorbiditeter i EPTB og helsesøkende adferd, samt diagnostisk og behandlingsforsinkelse i EPTB og assosiasjon med dødelighet. Klinikerne rekrutterte antatte EPTB tilfeller som ble fulgt opp. Pasienter ble klassifisert i henhold til en klinisk kasus definisjon og diagnostiske tester ble validert mot denne. Hos barn var sensitivitet, spesifisitet, positiv prediktiv verdi, negativ prediktiv verdi og nøyaktighet respektivt 92%, 88%, 87%, 92% og 90%. Voksne hadde tilsvarende 91%, 75%, 80%, 89% og 84%. MPT64 testen presterte bedre enn anbefalte tester, inkludert GeneXpert, og presterte ikke dårligere i barn med underernæring eller hos mennesker med HIV. EPTB gruppen hadde ikke høyere dødelighet enn ikke-tuberkulose gruppen hos barn (23% vs 21%) eller voksne (40% vs 41%). Ingen signifikante faktorer for dødelighet ble funnet hos barn, mens hospitalisering var den sterkeste faktor hos voksne, med komorbiditeter som den sterkeste faktor som påvirket hospitalisering. Helsesøkende adferd og diagnostisk forsinkelse var ikke assosiert med dødelighet. Rundt en fjerdedel av EPTB gruppen fikk ikke tuberkulosemedisiner da diagnosen ble oversett, med signifikant høyere dødelighet som resultat. Vi beviste at differensial diagnoser og komorbiditeter må tas med i betraktningen når man håndterer EPTB grunnet dødeligheten. MPT64 testen var implementerbar og hjalp stort i å forbedre diagnostikken av EPTB, også hos barn med underernæring/mennesker med HIV.en_US
dc.description.abstractDiagnosing extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) is challenging due to the need for invasive sampling, the paucibacillary nature of the disease, and the imperfect sensitivities on EPTB samples of tests developed primarily for pulmonary TB (PTB). Young children and people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) are at risk for EPTB relative to PTB. The wide-spread use of empiric therapy (ATT) for EPTB in the resource limited setting might lead to both under-and overtreatment of EPTB. The primary objective of this PhD was to improve the diagnosis of EPTB in the resource limited HIV endemic setting. This was done through implementation of a new immunochemistry-based antigen detection test (MPT64 test) in the HIV endemic setting in Mbeya Zonal Referral Hospital (MZRH), Tanzania. The specific objectives were to assess the performance of the test compared to currently recommended tests in adults and children with malnutrition/PLWHA, to analyze mortality and comorbidities in EPTB and to assess health-seeking behavior, the diagnostic delay and treatment delay in EPTB and association with mortality. Clinicians recruited presumptive EPTB cases that were followed up. Patients were classified using a composite reference standard (CRS) and diagnostic tests were validated against the CRS. In children, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, andaccuracy of the MPT64 test was 92%, 88%, 87%, 92% and 90%, respectively. In adults corresponding numbers were 91%, 75%, 80%, 89% and 84% respectively. The MPT64 test performed better than currently recommended tests, including GeneXpert and performance was not reduced in malnutrition or in PLWHA. Neither in children (23% vs 21%) or adults (40% vs 41%) did the TB patients have higher mortality rates than the non-TB groups. No factors were significantly associated with mortality in children, but hospitalization was the main factor in adults. Comorbidities was a risk factor for hospitalization. Health care seeking behavior and diagnostic delay had no link to mortality. Around a quarter of TB patients did not receive ATT, mainly due to a missed diagnosis, suffering significantly higher mortality rates. We have shown that comorbidities need to be considered when managing EPTB due to high mortality rates. The MP64 test was implementable and greatly helped improving the diagnosis of EPTB, also in PLWHA and children with malnutrition.en_US
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.publisherThe University of Bergenen_US
dc.relation.haspartPaper I: Grønningen E, Nanyaro M, Sviland L, Ngadaya E, Muller W, Torres L, Mfinanga S and Mustafa T. MPT64 antigen detection test improves diagnosis of pediatric extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Mbeya, Tanzania. Scientific Reports (2021). The article is available at: <a href="https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2830887" target="blank">https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2830887</a>.en_US
dc.relation.haspartPaper II: Grønningen E, Nanyaro M, Sviland L, Ngadaya E, Muller W, Torres L, Mfinanga S and Mustafa T. Improved diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in adults with and without HIV in Mbeya, Tanzania using the MPT64 antigen detection test. PLOS Global Public Health (2022). The article is available at: <a href="https://hdl.handle.net/11250/3046469" target="blank">https://hdl.handle.net/11250/3046469</a>.en_US
dc.relation.haspartPaper III: Grønningen E, Nanyaro M, Ngadaya E, Hassan S, Blomberg B and Mustafa T. Mortality among extrapulmonary tuberculosis patients in the HIV endemic setting: lessons from a tertiary level hospital in Mbeya, Tanzania. Scientific Reports (2024). The article is available at: <a href="https://hdl.handle.net/11250/3172001" target="blank">https://hdl.handle.net/11250/3172001</a>.en_US
dc.relation.haspartPaper IV: Grønningen E, Nanyaro M, Ngadaya E, and Mustafa T. Diagnostic and treatment delay in extrapulmonary tuberculosis and association with mortality: experiences from Mbeya, Tanzania. Not available in BORA awaiting publishing.en_US
dc.rightsIn copyright
dc.rights.urihttp://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/
dc.titleExtrapulmonary tuberculosis in the HIV endemic setting in Tanzania: challenges with diagnosis, comorbidities, and association with mortalityen_US
dc.typeDoctoral thesisen_US
dc.date.updated2024-12-20T14:15:25.811Z
dc.rights.holderCopyright the Author. All rights reserveden_US
dc.contributor.orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4414-5426
dc.description.degreeDoktorgradsavhandling
fs.unitcode13-26-0


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