A high polygenic risk score is associated with SSA/SSB antibody positivity and early onset in primary Sjögren’s disease

Abstract

Objectives

To calculate a polygenic risk score (PRS) based on single nucleotide variants (SNVs) previously associated with primary Sjögren’s disease (SjD) with genome-wide significance and determine the genetic risk for SjD stratified by antibodies, sex and age at diagnosis. Methods

Patients with SjD (n = 1065) were genotyped using Illumina OmniExpressExome chip. Control genotype data were available (n = 7742). Two PRSs were constructed, one including HLA gene variants (n = 21 SNVs), and one without HLA (n = 18 SNVs). High PRS quartile (Q4) individuals were compared with low PRS (Q1–3). Results

A high PRS was associated with SSA antibody-positive SjD (OR 9.16, 95% CI 7.75–10.85, P = 3.7 × 10−146), and strengthened in SjD positive for both SSA/SSB antibodies (OR 13.67, 95% CI 10.88–17.32, P = 4.6 × 10−108). High PRS classified SSA/SSB antibody-positive SjD with very good accuracy (AUC 0.86). PRS without HLA showed a weaker association with SSA/SSB positive SjD (OR 2.09, 95% CI 1.71–2.55, P = 6.4 × 10−13). Antibody negative SjD displayed a PRS similar to controls. Patients in the high PRS quartile were significantly younger at diagnosis, 48.9 ± 14.9 vs 53.4 ± 13.4 years in the low PRS quartiles (Q1–3), P = 2.2 × 10−6, and presented higher frequencies of ANA, SSA and SSA/SSB antibodies, P < 1 × 10−5. Conclusion

A high PRS is associated with SSA/SSB antibody positivity and early disease onset, both largely attributed to the weight of the HLA alleles. Integration of PRS with other biomarkers applied to clinical phenotypes could be a useful tool for disease risk stratification and treatment decisions.