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dc.contributor.authorHaaland, Stein
dc.contributor.authorEriksson, A.
dc.contributor.authorMaes, L.
dc.contributor.authorBaddeley, Lisa
dc.contributor.authorBarakat, A.
dc.contributor.authorChappell, R.
dc.contributor.authorEccles, V.
dc.contributor.authorJohnsen, C.
dc.contributor.authorLybekk, Bjørn
dc.contributor.authorLi, K.
dc.contributor.authorPedersen, A
dc.contributor.authorSchunk, R.
dc.contributor.authorWelling, D.
dc.date.accessioned2016-04-05T11:53:38Z
dc.date.available2016-04-05T11:53:38Z
dc.date.issued2015-12-01
dc.PublishedJournal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics 2015, 120(12):10622-10639eng
dc.identifier.issn2169-9402en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/1956/11845
dc.description.abstractLow-energy ions of ionospheric origin constitute a significant contributor to the magnetospheric plasma population. Measuring cold ions is difficult though. Observations have to be done at sufficiently high altitudes and typically in regions of space where spacecraft attain a positive charge due to solar illumination. Cold ions are therefore shielded from the satellite particle detectors. Furthermore, spacecraft can only cover key regions of ion outflow during segments of their orbit, so additional complications arise if continuous longtime observations, such as during a geomagnetic storm, are needed. In this paper we suggest a new approach, based on a combination of synoptic observations and a novel technique to estimate the flux and total outflow during the various phases of geomagnetic storms. Our results indicate large variations in both outflow rates and transport throughout the storm. Prior to the storm main phase, outflow rates are moderate, and the cold ions are mainly emanating from moderately sized polar cap regions. Throughout the main phase of the storm, outflow rates increase and the polar cap source regions expand. Furthermore, faster transport, resulting from enhanced convection, leads to a much larger supply of cold ions to the near-Earth region during geomagnetic storms.en_US
dc.language.isoengeng
dc.publisherWileyen_US
dc.rightsAttribution CC BY-NC-NDeng
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/eng
dc.titleEstimation of cold plasma outflow during geomagnetic stormsen_US
dc.typePeer reviewed
dc.typeJournal article
dc.date.updated2016-02-04T11:45:23Z
dc.description.versionpublishedVersionen_US
dc.rights.holderCopyright 2015 the authorsen_US
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1002/2015ja021810
dc.identifier.cristin1324850


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