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dc.contributor.authorSimonsen, Aleksander
dc.contributor.authorKjellsson, Tor
dc.contributor.authorFørre, Morten
dc.contributor.authorLindroth, Eva
dc.contributor.authorSelstø, Sølve
dc.date.accessioned2016-09-07T12:10:19Z
dc.date.available2016-09-07T12:10:19Z
dc.date.issued2016-05
dc.PublishedPhysical Review A. Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics 2016, 93(5):053411eng
dc.identifier.issn1050-2947en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/1956/12746
dc.description.abstractWhen atoms and molecules are ionized by laser pulses of finite duration and increasingly high intensities, the validity of the much-used dipole approximation, in which the spatial dependence and magnetic component of the external field are neglected, eventually breaks down. We report that, when going beyond the dipole approximation for the description of atoms exposed to ultraviolet light, the spatial dependence of the pulse shape, the envelope, provides the dominant correction, while the spatial dependence of the carrier is negligible. We present a first-order beyond-dipole correction to the Hamiltonian which accounts exclusively for nondipole effects stemming from the carrier envelope of the pulse. We demonstrate by ab initio calculations for hydrogen that this approximation, which we refer to as the envelope approximation, reproduces the full interaction beyond the dipole approximation for absolute and differential observables and proves to be valid for a broad range of high-frequency fields. This is done both for the Schrödinger and the Dirac equation. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the envelope approximation provides an interaction-term which gives rise to faster numerical convergence in terms of partial waves compared to its exact counterpart.en_US
dc.language.isoengeng
dc.publisherAmerican Physical Societyen_US
dc.titleIonization dynamics beyond the dipole approximation induced by the pulse envelopeen_US
dc.typePeer reviewed
dc.typeJournal article
dc.date.updated2016-07-06T11:46:06Z
dc.description.versionpublishedVersionen_US
dc.rights.holderCopyright 2016 American Physical Societyen_US
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.93.053411
dc.identifier.cristin1355921


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