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dc.contributor.authorBesnier, Francoiseng
dc.contributor.authorKent, Mattheweng
dc.contributor.authorSkern-Mauritzen, Rasmuseng
dc.contributor.authorLien, Sigbjørneng
dc.contributor.authorMalde, Ketileng
dc.contributor.authorEdvardsen, Rolfeng
dc.contributor.authorTaylor, Simoneng
dc.contributor.authorLjungfeldt, Linaeng
dc.contributor.authorNilsen, Frankeng
dc.contributor.authorGlover, Kevineng
dc.date.accessioned2014-11-18T15:53:57Z
dc.date.available2014-11-18T15:53:57Z
dc.date.issued2014-10-26eng
dc.identifier.issn1471-2164en_US
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/1956/8762
dc.description.abstractBackground: The salmon louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, is an ectoparasite of salmonids that causes huge economic losses in salmon farming, and has also been causatively linked with declines of wild salmonid populations. Lice control on farms is reliant upon a few groups of pesticides that have all shown time-limited efficiency due to resistance development. However, to date, this example of human-induced evolution is poorly documented at the population level due to the lack of molecular tools. As such, important evolutionary and management questions, linked to the development and dispersal of pesticide resistance in this parasite, remain unanswered. Here, we introduce the first Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) array for the salmon louse, which includes 6000 markers, and present a population genomic scan using this array on 576 lice from twelve farms distributed across the North Atlantic. Results: Our results support the hypothesis of a single panmictic population of lice in the Atlantic, and importantly, revealed very strong selective sweeps on linkage groups 1 and 5. These sweeps included candidate genes potentially connected to pesticide resistance. After genotyping a further 576 lice from 12 full sibling families, a genome-wide association analysis established a highly significant association between the major sweep on linkage group 5 and resistance to emamectin benzoate, the most widely used pesticide in salmonid aquaculture for more than a decade. Conclusions: The analysis of conserved haplotypes across samples from the Atlantic strongly suggests that emamectin benzoate resistance developed at a single source, and rapidly spread across the Atlantic within the period 1999 when the chemical was first introduced, to 2010 when samples for the present study were obtained. These results provide unique insights into the development and spread of pesticide resistance in the marine environment, and identify a small genomic region strongly linked to emamectin benzoate resistance. Finally, these results have highly significant implications for the way pesticide resistance is considered and managed within the aquaculture industry.en_US
dc.language.isoengeng
dc.publisherBioMed Centralen_US
dc.rightsAttribution CC BYeng
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0eng
dc.titleHuman-induced evolution caught in action: SNP-array reveals rapid amphi-atlantic spread of pesticide resistance in the salmon ecotoparasite Lepeophtheirus salmonisen_US
dc.typePeer reviewed
dc.typeJournal article
dc.date.updated2014-11-06T00:05:45Z
dc.description.versionPeer Reviewed
dc.description.versionpublishedVersionen_US
dc.rights.holderFrancois Besnier et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.en_US
dc.rights.holderCopyright 2014 Besnier et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltden_US
dc.source.articlenumber937
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-15-937
dc.identifier.cristin1185080
dc.source.journalBMC Genomics
dc.source.4015


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