• Bedymo: A combined quasi-geostrophic and primitive equation model in σ coordinates 

      Spensberger, Clemens; Thorsteinsson, Trond; Spengler, Thomas (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2022)
      This paper introduces the Bergen Dynamical Model (Bedymo), an idealized atmospheric circulation model, which combines the quasi-geostrophic approximation and the hydrostatic primitive equations into one modelling framework. ...
    • Development of an atmospheric chemistry model coupled to the PALM model system 6.0: implementation and first applications 

      Khan, Basit; Banzhaf, Sabine; Chan, Edward C.; Forkel, Renate; Kanani-Sühring, Farah; Ketelsen, Klaus; Kurppa, Mona; Maronga, Bjørn; Mauder, Matthias; Raasch, Siegfried; Russo, Emmanuele; Schaap, Martijn; Sühring, Matthias (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2021)
      In this article we describe the implementation of an online-coupled gas-phase chemistry model in the turbulence-resolving PALM model system 6.0 (formerly an abbreviation for Parallelized Large-eddy Simulation Model and now ...
    • The Earth system model CLIMBER-X v1.0 - Part 2: The global carbon cycle 

      Willeit, Matteo; Ilyina, Tatiana; Liu, Bo; Heinze, Christoph; Perrette, Mahé; Heinemann, Malte; Dalmonech, Daniela; Brovkin, Victor; Munhoven, Guy; Börker, Janine; Hartmann, Jens; Romero-Mujalli, Gibran; Ganopolski, Andrey (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2023)
      The carbon cycle component of the newly developed Earth system model of intermediate complexity CLIMBER-X is presented. The model represents the cycling of carbon through the atmosphere, vegetation, soils, seawater and ...
    • Evaluation of the dynamic core of the PALM model system 6.0 in a neutrally stratified urban environment: comparison between LES and wind-tunnel experiments 

      Gronemeier, Tobias; Surm, Kerstin; Harms, Frank; Leitl, Bernd; Maronga, Bjørn; Raasch, Siegfried (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2021)
      We demonstrate the capability of the PALM model system version 6.0 to simulate neutrally stratified urban boundary layers. Our simulation uses the real-world building configuration of the HafenCity area in Hamburg, Germany. ...
    • Implementation of the sectional aerosol module SALSA2.0 into the PALM model system 6.0: model development and first evaluation 

      Kurppa, Mona; Hellsten, Antti; Roldin, Pontus; Kokkola, Harri; Tonttila, Juha; Auvinen, Mikko; Kent, Christoph; Kumar, Prashant; Maronga, Bjørn; Järvi, Leena (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2019-04-11)
      Urban pedestrian-level air quality is a result of an interplay between turbulent dispersion conditions, background concentrations, and heterogeneous local emissions of air pollutants and their transformation processes. ...
    • Importance of radiative transfer processes in urban climate models: A study based on the PALM 6.0 model system 

      Salim, Mohamed H.; Schubert, Sebastian; Resler, Jaroslav; Krč, Pavel; Maronga, Bjørn; Kanani-Sühring, Farah; Sühring, Matthias; Schneider, Christoph (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2022)
      Including radiative transfer processes within the urban canopy layer into microscale urban climate models (UCMs) is essential to obtain realistic model results. These processes include the interaction of buildings and ...
    • The Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART version 10.4 

      Pisso, Ignacio; Sollum, Espen; Grythe, Henrik; Kristiansen, Nina Iren; Cassiani, Massimo; Eckhardt, Sabine; Arnold, Delia; Morton, Don; Thompson, Rona Louise; Zwaaftink, Christine Groot; Evangeliou, Nikolaos; Sodemann, Harald; Haimberger, Leopold; Henne, Stephan; Brunner, Dominik; Burkhart, John; Fouilloux, Anne Claire; Brioude, Jerome; Philipp, Anne; Seibert, Petra; Stohl, Andreas (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2019-12-02)
      The Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART in its original version in the mid-1990s was designed for calculating the long-range and mesoscale dispersion of hazardous substances from point sources, such as those ...
    • Modeling of land–surface interactions in the PALM model system 6.0: land surface model description, first evaluation, and sensitivity to model parameters 

      Gehrke, Katrin Frieda; Sühring, Matthias; Maronga, Bjørn (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2021)
      In this paper the land surface model embedded in the PALM model system is described and evaluated against in situ measurements at Cabauw, Netherlands. A total of 2 consecutive clear-sky days are simulated, and the components ...
    • Nemo-Nordic 1.0: A NEMO-based ocean model for the Baltic and North seas - Research and operational applications 

      Hordoir, Robinson; Axell, Lars; Höglund, Anders; Dieterich, Christian; Fransner, Filippa; Gröger, Matthias; Liu, Ye; Pemberton, Per; Schimanke, Semjon; Andersson, Helen; Ljungemyr, Patrik; Nygren, Petter; Falahat, Saeed; Nord, Adam; Jönsson, Anette; Lake, Iréne; Döös, Kristofer; Hieronymus, Magnus; Dietze, Heiner; Löptien, Ulrike; Kuznetsov, Ivan; Westerlund, Antti; Tuomi, Laura; Haapala, Jari (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2019-01-21)
      We present Nemo-Nordic, a Baltic and North Sea model based on the NEMO ocean engine. Surrounded by highly industrialized countries, the Baltic and North seas and their assets associated with shipping, fishing and tourism ...
    • A nested multi-scale system implemented in the large-eddy simulation model PALM model system 6.0 

      Hellsten, Antti; Ketelsen, Klaus; Sühring, Matthias; Auvinen, Mikko; Maronga, Bjørn; Knigge, Christoph; Barmpas, Fotios; Tsegas, George; Moussiopoulos, Nicolas; Raasch, Siegfried (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2021)
      Large-eddy simulation (LES) provides a physically sound approach to study complex turbulent processes within the atmospheric boundary layer including urban boundary layer flows. However, such flow problems often involve a ...
    • NorCPM1 and its contribution to CMIP6 DCPP 

      Bethke, Ingo; Wang, Yiguo; Counillon, Francois Stephane; Keenlyside, Noel Sebastian; Kimmritz, Madlen; Fransner, Filippa; Samuelsen, Annette; Langehaug, Helene R.; Svendsen, Lea; Chiu, Ping-Gin; Passos, Leilane G.; Bentsen, Mats; Guo, Chuncheng; Gupta, Alok Kumar; Tjiputra, Jerry; Kirkevåg, Alf; Oliviè, Dirk Jan Leo; Seland, Øyvind; Vågane, Julie Solsvik; Fan, Yuanchao; Eldevik, Tor (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2021)
      The Norwegian Climate Prediction Model version 1 (NorCPM1) is a new research tool for performing climate reanalyses and seasonal-to-decadal climate predictions. It combines the Norwegian Earth System Model version 1 (NorESM1) ...
    • Ocean biogeochemistry in the Norwegian Earth System Model version 2 (NorESM2) 

      Tjiputra, Jerry; Schwinger, Jörg; Bentsen, Mats; Morée, Anne; Gao, Shuang; Bethke, Ingo; Heinze, Christoph; Goris, Nadine; Gupta, Alok Kumar; He, Yan-Chun; Oliviè, Dirk Jan Leo; Seland, Øyvind; Schulz, Michael (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2020)
      The ocean carbon cycle is a key player in the climate system through its role in regulating the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and other processes that alter the Earth's radiative balance. In the second version ...
    • OpenDrift v1.0: A generic framework for trajectory modelling 

      Dagestad, Knut-Frode; Röhrs, Johannes; Breivik, Øyvind; Ådlandsvik, Bjørn (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2018-04-13)
      OpenDrift is an open-source Python-based framework for Lagrangian particle modelling under development at the Norwegian Meteorological Institute with contributions from the wider scientific community. The framework is ...
    • Overview of the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM2) and key climate response of CMIP6 DECK, historical, and scenario simulations 

      Seland, Øyvind; Bentsen, Mats; Oliviè, Dirk Jan Leo; Toniazzo, Thomas; Gjermundsen, Ada; Graff, Lise Seland; Debernard, Jens Boldingh; Gupta, Alok Kumar; He, Yan-Chun; Kirkevåg, Alf; Schwinger, Jörg; Tjiputra, Jerry; Aas, Kjetil Schanke; Bethke, Ingo; Fan, Yuanchao; Griesfeller, Jan; Grini, Alf; Guo, Chuncheng; Ilicak, Mehmet; Karset, Inger Helene H.; Landgren, Oskar Andreas; Liakka, Johan; Moseid, Kine Onsum; Nummelin, Aleksi; Spensberger, Clemens; Tang, Hui; Zhang, Zhongshi; Heinze, Christoph; Iversen, Trond; Schulz, Michael (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2020-12)
      The second version of the coupled Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM2) is presented and evaluated. NorESM2 is based on the second version of the Community Earth System Model (CESM2) and shares with CESM2 the computer ...
    • Overview of the PALM model system 6.0 

      Maronga, Bjørn; Banzhaf, Sabine; Burmeister, Cornelia; Esch, Thomas; Forkel, Renate; Fröhlich, Dominik; Fuka, Vladimir; Gehrke, Katrin Frieda; Geletič, Jan; Giersch, Sebastian; Gronemeier, Tobias; Groß, Günter; Heldens, Wieke; Hellsten, Antti; Hoffmann, Fabian; Inagaki, Atsushi; Kadasch, Eckhard; Kanani-Sühring, Farah; Ketelsen, Klaus; Ali Khan, Basit; Knigge, Christoph; Knoop, Helge; Krč, Pavel; Kurppa, Mona; Maamari, Halim; Matzarakis, Andreas; Mauder, Matthias; Pallasch, Matthias; Pavlik, Dirk; Pfafferott, Jens; Resler, Jaroslav; Rissmann, Sascha; Russo, Emmanuele; Salim, Mohamed; Schrempf, Michael; Schwenkel, Johannes; Seckmeyer, Gunther; Schubert, Sebastian; Sühring, Matthias; von Tils, Robert; Vollmer, Lukas; Ward, Simon; Witha, Björn; Wurps, Hauke; Zeidler, Julian; Raasch, Siegfried (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2020)
      In this paper, we describe the PALM model system 6.0. PALM (formerly an abbreviation for Parallelized Large-eddy Simulation Model and now an independent name) is a Fortran-based code and has been applied for studying a ...
    • Self-nested large-eddy simulations in PALM model system v21.10 for offshore wind prediction under different atmospheric stability conditions 

      Krutova, Maria; Bakhoday Paskyabi, Mostafa; Reuder, Joachim; Nielsen, Finn Gunnar (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2023)
      Large-eddy simulation (LES) resolves large-scale turbulence directly and parametrizes small-scale turbulence. Resolving micro-scale turbulence, e.g., in wind turbine wakes, requires both a sufficiently small grid spacing ...
    • Towards end-to-end (E2E) modelling in a consistent NPZD-F modelling framework (ECOSMO E2E_v1.0): Application to the North Sea and Baltic Sea 

      Daewel, Ute; Schrum, Corinna; Macdonald, Jed I. (Peer reviewed; Journal article, 2019-05-06)
      Coupled physical–biological models usually resolve only parts of the trophic food chain; hence, they run the risk of neglecting relevant ecosystem processes. Additionally, this imposes a closure term problem at the respective ...
    • Training a supermodel with noisy and sparse observations: A case study with CPT and the synch rule on SPEEDO-v.1 

      Schevenhoven, Francine Janneke; Carrassi, Alberto (Journal article; Peer reviewed, 2022)
      As an alternative to using the standard multi-model ensemble (MME) approach to combine the output of different models to improve prediction skill, models can also be combined dynamically to form a so-called supermodel. The ...