Vis enkel innførsel

dc.contributor.authorMach, Diep Thi Ngoceng
dc.date.accessioned2009-10-23T11:37:43Z
dc.date.available2009-10-23T11:37:43Z
dc.date.issued2009-04-17eng
dc.identifier.isbn978-82-308-0775-0 (print version)en_US
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/1956/3571
dc.description.abstractThe present study was carried out to test the ability to utilise fish silage to feed cobia (Rachycentron canadum) in aquaculture in Vietnam. All four experiments of the present study were carried out over 13 months from June 2006 to June 2007 at Nha Trang University in Vietnam. The experiments involved making acid-silages and testing the effects of silage-based diets on digestion, amino acid absorption, growth and the nutritional quality of the cobia fillets and their shelf life. The local by-catch fish, lizardfish (Saurida undosquamis) and blue crab (Portunus pelagicus), were used to prepare 12 uncooked or cooked silages in study I. Different amounts of formic acid (85%) were mixed with the minced fish and crab and the silages were stored at ambient temperature (30 ± 2 °C) for 60 days. The antioxidant effect of adding ethoxyquin was also investigated. At the end of the experiment, the nutritional quality of all silages was stable. However, cooked silages showed a tendency for spoilage, particularly cooked crab silages. The antioxidant effect was only observed in fish-silage groups in which the TBARS values were significantly higher in the silage without addition of ethoxyquin than in the silage with it. Generally, the composition of raw materials was reflected in the composition of the silages. There were significant differences in composition between different raw material-based silages and between uncooked and cooked silages, particularly levels of ash, crude protein (CP) and non-protein nitrogen (NPN) at the end of the trial (for ash: 3.7 – 4.7% in fish vs. 10.7 – 11.5% in crab; for CP: 16.3 – 21.3% in fish vs. 8.6 – 9.0% in crab; and for NPN: 76.5 – 81.1% in uncooked fish silage vs. 20.0 – 21.3% in cooked fish silage, and 80.1 – 88.9% in uncooked crab silage vs. 54.7 – 57.3% in cooked crab silage). It was concluded that uncooked materials are more suitable for prolonged storage than cooked materials and it is probably not necessary to add antioxidants to silages made from materials with a low lipid content. All three growth experiments were conducted at the Institute of Aquaculture Research in Cam Ranh, Nha Trang University, Vietnam. Studies II (cobia size about 24 g) and III (size about 100 g) were conducted for 6 and 3 weeks, respectively, in indoor tanks supplied with circulated seawater with biological filtration and constant aeration; experiment IV (size about 500 g) was carried out in cages in a pond for 3 months. Lizardfish or blue crab was used to prepare diets for study II, while only lizardfish was used for study III and IV. Yttrium oxide (Y2O3) was added (100 mg kg-¹ diet) to the diets for the study of apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) in study II. Test diets included either raw or uncooked fish or crab silage as part of the protein source. In study II, weight gain (WG) and specific daily growth rate (SGR) were significantly higher in cobia fed the raw-based diets and fish-silage-based diet (FSD) than in fish fed crab-related silage-based diets (CSD and MSD) (185 – 286 vs. 34 – 90% and 2.49 – 3.21 vs. 0.68 – 1.53%/day). Feed conversion ratios (FCR) were significantly higher in the groups fed CSD and MSD diets than the groups fed the other diets (2.06 – 6.49 vs. 0.97 – 1.16), resulting in significantly lower protein productive values in the groups fed CSD and MSD than in the other groups (0.06 – 0.16 vs. 0.31 – 0.37). The FCR results were confirmed by significantly lower ADC values in fish fed CSD and MSD than in fish fed the other diets. The difference in the growth of fish fed raw or silage diets was probably related to the distribution of amino acids in the plasma and liver. Study III showed significantly higher concentrations of most free essential amino acids at 6 and 12 h, but significantly lower levels at 48 h post-feeding in fish fed silage-based diets than in fish fed raw-based diet. At 48 h post-feeding, the total level of plasma free amino acids (FAA) was significantly higher in fish fed rawbased diet than in fish fed silage-based diets (4999 vs. 3390 – 4339 nmol AA ml-¹ plasma). Similarly, at 48 h post-feeding FAA concentrations in the liver were significantly higher in fish fed 0%- or 13%-silage-based diets than in fish fed 26%- or 39%-silage-based diets. Faster amino acid absorption in the diets containing higher levels of fish silage led to a significantly higher concentration of plasma FAA earlier, which could result in an imbalance of amino acid concentrations for protein synthesis later on and eventually affect growth rate. In study IV, no significant differences in nutritional composition were observed between the fillets of cobia fed raw- or silage-based diets for 3 months. Cobia fillets contained of a balance of amino acids (EAA/NEAA=1). The three groups of fatty acids; saturated fatty acid (SFA), monounsaturated acid (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in cobia fillet were divided into quite similar proportions from 30 to 33% of TFA. PUFA accounted for 30% of total fatty acids with high levels of n-3 PUFA (69% of total PUFA). n-3 PUFA consisted mainly of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (46 – 49% of total PUFA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (11 – 12% of total PUFA). The quality index method (QIM) was used to estimate the shelf life of whole gutted cobia stored in ice. QI scores and quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) from both groups were correlated throughout storage (r² = 0.83 – 0.86). However, the total scores for QIM and QDA were low compared to the maximum scores given in the schemes (14 vs. 24 and 5 vs. 10, respectively) after 15 days storage in ice. In addition, the development of lipid oxidation and the growth of bacteria in cobia fillets were also below the acceptable limits after 15 days storage in ice. Thus, the final overall shelf life of the cobia was not determined in the present study, but it is at least 15 days. In order to make efficient use of local by-catch fish and by-products from the processing industry for aquaculture in general and for cobia in particular, more studies on the preparation of silage and proportions used are needed, since nutritional demand varies between life stages and from species to species. Moreover, further studies on shelf life and the processing quality of cobia are also needed.en_US
dc.language.isoengeng
dc.publisherThe University of Bergenen_US
dc.relation.haspartPaper I: Mach, T. N. D.; Nortvedt, R., 2009, Chemical and nutritional quality of silage made from raw or cooked fish and crab. Full text not available in BORA.en_US
dc.relation.haspartPaper II: Mach, T. N. D.; Nguyen, D. M.; Nortvedt, R., 2009, Effects on digestibility and growth of juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum) fed fish or crab silage protein. Full text not available in BORA.en_US
dc.relation.haspartPaper III: Mach, T. N. D.; Nortvedt, R., 2009, Free amino acids distribution in plasma and liver of juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum) fed increased levels of lizard fish silage. Full text not available in BORA.en_US
dc.relation.haspartPaper IV: Mach, T. N. D.; Nortvedt, R., 2009, Fillet composition and initial estimation of shelf life of cobia (Rachycentron canadum) fed raw fish and fish silage moist diets. Full text not available in BORA.en_US
dc.titleUtilisation of fish or crab silage protein for cobia (Rachycentron canadum) – effects on digestion, amino acid distribution, growth, fillet composition and storage qualityen_US
dc.typeDoctoral thesis
dc.rights.holderDiep Thi Ngoc Machen_US
dc.subject.nsiVDP::Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400::Zoologiske og botaniske fag: 480::Marinbiologi: 497nob


Tilhørende fil(er)

Thumbnail

Denne innførselen finnes i følgende samling(er)

Vis enkel innførsel