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dc.contributor.authorNgalesoni, Fridaen_US
dc.contributor.authorRuhago, George M.en_US
dc.contributor.authorNorheim, Ole Frithjofen_US
dc.contributor.authorRobberstad, Bjarneen_US
dc.date.accessioned2015-01-05T08:15:02Z
dc.date.available2015-01-05T08:15:02Z
dc.date.issued2014-08-11eng
dc.identifier.issn0268-1080
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/1956/9069
dc.description.abstractTanzania is facing a double burden of disease, with non-communicable diseases being an increasingly important contributor. Evidence-based preventive measures are important to limit the growing financial burden. This article aims to estimate the cost of providing medical primary prevention interventions for cardiovascular disease (CVD) among at-risk patients, reflecting actual resource use and if the World Health Organization (WHO)’s CVD medical preventive guidelines are implemented in Tanzania. In addition, we estimate and explore the cost to patients of receiving these services. Cost data were collected in four health facilities located in both urban and rural settings. Providers’ costs were identified and measured using ingredients approach to costing and resource valuation followed the opportunity cost method. Unit costs were estimated using activity-based and step-down costing methodologies. The patient costs were obtained through a structured questionnaire. The unit cost of providing CVD medical primary prevention services ranged from US$30–41 to US$52–71 per patient per year at the health centre and hospital levels, respectively. Employing the WHO’s absolute risk approach guidelines will substantially increase these costs. The annual patient cost of receiving these services as currently practised was estimated to be US$118 and US$127 for urban and rural patients, respectively. Providers’ costs were estimated from two main viewpoints: ‘what is’, that is the current practice, and ‘what if’, reflecting a WHO guidelines scenario. The higher cost of implementing the WHO guidelines suggests the need for further evaluation of whether these added costs are reasonable relative to the added benefits. We also found considerably higher patient costs, implying that distributive and equity implications of access to care require more consideration. Facility location surfaced as the main explanatory variable for both direct and indirect patient costs in the regression analysis; further research on the influence of other provider characteristics on these costs is important.en_US
dc.language.isoengeng
dc.publisherOxford University Presseng
dc.rightsAttribution-NonCommercial CC BY-NCeng
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/eng
dc.subjectCardiovascular diseaseeng
dc.subjectcost analysiseng
dc.subjectDiabeteseng
dc.subjectdirect and indirect costeng
dc.subjectHypertensioneng
dc.subjectprimary preventioneng
dc.subjectSub-Saharan Africaeng
dc.subjectTanzaniaeng
dc.titleEconomic cost of primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases in Tanzaniaen_US
dc.typePeer reviewed
dc.typeJournal article
dc.date.updated2015-01-05T08:10:16Z
dc.description.versionpublishedVersionen_US
dc.rights.holderCopyright 2014 The Authors
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czu088
dc.identifier.cristin1146455
dc.source.journalHealth Policy and Planning


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