Measurement of multi-particle azimuthal correlations in \(pp\), \(p\)+Pb and low-multiplicity Pb+Pb collisions with the ATLAS detector

Abstract

Multi-particle cumulants and corresponding Fourier harmonics are measured for azimuthal angle distributions of charged particles in \(pp\) collisions at \(\sqrt{s}\) = 5.02 and 13 TeV and in \(p\)+Pb collisions at \(\sqrt{s_{NN}}\) = 5.02 TeV, and compared to the results obtained for low-multiplicity Pb+Pb collisions at \(\sqrt{s_{NN}}\) = 2.76 TeV. These measurements aim to assess the collective nature of particle production. The measurements of multi-particle cumulants confirm the evidence for collective phenomena in \(p\)+Pb and low-multiplicity Pb+Pb collisions. On the other hand, the \(pp\) results for four-particle cumulants do not demonstrate collective behaviour, indicating that they may be biased by contributions from non-flow correlations. A comparison of multi-particle cumulants and derived Fourier harmonics across different collision systems is presented as a function of the charged-particle multiplicity. For a given multiplicity, the measured Fourier harmonics are largest in Pb+Pb, smaller in \(p\)+Pb and smallest in \(pp\) collisions. The \(pp\) results show no dependence on the collision energy, nor on the multiplicity.