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dc.contributor.authorKulikova, Veronikaen_US
dc.contributor.authorShabalin, Konstantinen_US
dc.contributor.authorNerinovski, Kirillen_US
dc.contributor.authorYakimov, Alexanderen_US
dc.contributor.authorSvetlova, Mariaen_US
dc.contributor.authorSolovjeva, Ljudmilaen_US
dc.contributor.authorKropotov, Andreyen_US
dc.contributor.authorKhodorkovskiy, Mikhailen_US
dc.contributor.authorMigaud, Marie E.en_US
dc.contributor.authorZiegler, Mathiasen_US
dc.contributor.authorNikiforov, Andreyen_US
dc.date.accessioned2020-08-04T07:13:50Z
dc.date.available2020-08-04T07:13:50Z
dc.date.issued2019-11-29
dc.PublishedKulikova V, Shabalin K, Nerinovski K, Yakimov A, Svetlova M, Solovjeva L, Kropotov, Khodorkovskiy M, Migaud ME, Ziegler M, Nikiforov. Degradation of Extracellular NAD+ Intermediates in Cultures of Human HEK293 Cells. Metabolites. 2019;9(12):293eng
dc.identifier.issn2218-1989
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/1956/23381
dc.description.abstractNicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is an essential redox carrier, whereas its degradation is a key element of important signaling pathways. Human cells replenish their NAD contents through NAD biosynthesis from extracellular precursors. These precursors encompass bases nicotinamide (Nam) and nicotinic acid and their corresponding nucleosides nicotinamide riboside (NR) and nicotinic acid riboside (NAR), now collectively referred to as vitamin B3. In addition, extracellular NAD+ and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), and potentially their deamidated counterparts, nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide (NAAD) and nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NAMN), may serve as precursors of intracellular NAD. However, it is still debated whether nucleotides enter cells directly or whether they are converted to nucleosides and bases prior to uptake into cells. Here, we studied the metabolism of extracellular NAD+ and its derivatives in human HEK293 cells using normal and serum-free culture medium. Using medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), mono- and dinucleotides were degraded to the corresponding nucleosides. In turn, the nucleosides were cleaved to their corresponding bases. Degradation was also observed in culture medium alone, in the absence of cells, indicating that FBS contains enzymatic activities which degrade NAD+ intermediates. Surprisingly, NR was also rather efficiently hydrolyzed to Nam in the absence of FBS. When cultivated in serum-free medium, HEK293 cells efficiently cleaved NAD+ and NAAD to NMN and NAMN. NMN exhibited rather high stability in cell culture, but was partially metabolized to NR. Using pharmacological inhibitors of plasma membrane transporters, we also showed that extracellular cleavage of NAD+ and NMN to NR is a prerequisite for using these nucleotides to maintain intracellular NAD contents. We also present evidence that, besides spontaneous hydrolysis, NR is intensively metabolized in cell culture by intracellular conversion to Nam. Our results demonstrate that both the cultured cells and the culture medium mediate a rather active conversion of NAD+ intermediates. Consequently, in studies of precursor supplementation and uptake, the culture conditions need to be carefully defined.en_US
dc.language.isoengeng
dc.publisherMDPIeng
dc.rightsAttribution CC BYeng
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/eng
dc.titleDegradation of Extracellular NAD+ Intermediates in Cultures of Human HEK293 Cellsen_US
dc.typePeer reviewed
dc.typeJournal article
dc.date.updated2020-01-29T12:08:57Z
dc.description.versionpublishedVersionen_US
dc.rights.holderCopyright 2019 The Authors
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.3390/metabo9120293
dc.identifier.cristin1785229
dc.source.journalMetabolites


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